The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a mechanism for intercellular communication that involves endogenous cannabinoid receptors, endocannabinoids, and cannabinoids produced by the cannabis plant (phytocannabinoids).
The central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord, the peripheral nervous system, as well as numerous body tissues and organs, all have cannabinoid receptors. Endocannabinoids, which are these receptors' ligands, stimulate them and cause them to become active. These molecules properly complement them, enabling them to transmit cellular impulses that control a variety of bodily activities. Similar to auditory receptors, these receptors "listen" to environmental changes outside the cell and convey information about them to the interior of the cell, initiating the appropriate response.
Thus, the endocannabinoid system releases its endogenous cannabinoids whenever a health issue arises in order to restore balance and treat it. However, there are occasions when it is unable to complete the task on its own, which can lead to a number of chronic illnesses. And to improve and restore their signaling, exogenous cannabinoids or phytocannabinoids are used.
Components of the endocannabinoid system
Let's look at the parts of the endocannabinoid system in more detail now that we know what they are:
Receptors: Our bodies have two cannabinoid receptors, named CB1 and CB2. They differ in how they transmit signals and how they are distributed in various tissues. The central and peripheral neurological systems, as well as a few reproductive, urinary, and gastrointestinal organs, all contain CB1. However, CB2 is present in immune cells such leukocytes, the spleen, and tonsils. When engaged by cannabinoid ligands, these receptors will control one or more bodily functions depending on where they are located.
Endocannabinoid Ligands:
Endocannabinoid Ligands: Our bodies naturally produce these ligands, which are derived from fatty acids. Although there are many endocannabinoids, anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonyl-glycerol (2-AG) are the best. Both can activate CB1 and CB2 receptors, as well as other cellular proteins and ion transport channels.
In addition, ECS receptors can be activated by binding to phytocannabinoids from the cannabis plant. There are about a hundred of these components, but there are 3 that take centre stage due to their multiple applications:
THC: it is the psychoactive cannabinoid of cannabis and generates the famous "high" of marijuana. It is a compound classified as a sedative-hypnotic and has therapeutic applications. Its chemical structure is very similar to anandamide, which allows it to interact with the CB1 and CB2 receptors and activate the signalling pathways of this endocannabinoid.
CBD: This is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid that has gained popularity in recent years due to its multiple therapeutic properties. Its mechanism of action with the endocannabinoid system is still under investigation since its affinity with the CB1 and CB2 receptors is lower than that of THC. However, it is believed that, in part, its action is due to interaction with cellular ion channels.
Terpenes: Although terpenes are non-Psychoactive it has gained popularity in recent years due to their multiple therapeutic properties. Its mechanism of action with the endocannabinoid system is still under investigation. These terpenes have been studied for a wide range of medical effects which range from Cancer-fighting properties to improving appetite
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